Excretory Products and their Elimination

Which one of the following options gives the correct categorization of six animals according to the type of nitrogenous waste they give out?

1. array|l|l|l| Ammonotelic & Ureotelic & Uricotelic \ Pigeon, humans & Aquatic amphibia, lizards & Cockroach, frog \ array
2. array|l|l|l| Ammonotelic & Ureotelic & Uricotelic \ Frog, lizards & Aquatic amphibia, humans & Cockroach, pigeon \ array
3. array|l|l|l| Ammonotelic & Ureotelic & Uricotelic \ Aquatic amphibia & Frog, humans & Pigeon, lizards, cockroach \ array
4. array|l|l|l| Ammonotelic & Ureotelic & Uricotelic \ Aquatic amphibia & Cockroach, humans & Frog, pigeon, lizards \ array

A fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) activates

1. juxtaglomerular cells to release renin
2. adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
3. adrenal medulla to release adrenaline
4. posterior pituitary to release vasopressin.

The maximum amount of electrolytes and water (70 – 80 percent) from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in which part of the nephron?

1. Ascending limb of loop of Henle
2. Distal convoluted tubule
3. Proximal convoluted tubule
4. Descending limb of loop of Henle

Uricotelic mode of excreting nitrogenous wastes is found in

1. reptiles and birds
2. birds and annelids
3. amphibians and reptiles
4. insects and amphibians.

Which one of the following is not a part of a renal pyramid?

1. Peritubular capillaries
2. Convoluted tubules
3. Collecting ducts
4. Loop of Henle

Which one of the following correctly explains the function of a specific part of the human nephron?

1. Podocytes : create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsule
2. Henle's loop : most reabsorption of the major substances from the glomerular filtrate
3. Distal convoluted tubule : reabsorption of K+ ions into the surrounding blood capillaries
4. Afferent arteriole : carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards renal vein.

Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to kidney function regulation?

1. When someone drinks a lot of water, ADH release is suppressed.
2. Exposure to cold temperature stimulates ADH release.
3. An increase in glomerular blood flow stimulates formation of angiotensin II.
4. During summer when body loses a lot of water by evaporation, the release of ADH is suppressed.

In which one of the following organisms its excretory organs are correctly stated?

1. Humans :- Kidneys, sebaceous glands and tear glands
2. Earthworm :- Pharyngeal, integumentary and septal nephridia
3. Cockroach :- Malpighian tubules and enteric caeca
4. Frog :- Kidneys, skin and buccal epithelium

Which one of the following statements in regard to the excretion by the human kidneys is correct?

1. Descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
2. Distal convoluted tubule is incapable of reabsorbing HCO3-.
3. Nearly 99 per cent of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
4. Ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to electrolytes.

The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesised

1. in kidneys but eliminated mostly through liver
2. in kidneys as well as eliminated by kidneys
3. in liver and also eliminated by the same through bile
4. in the liver, but eliminated mostly through kidneys

What will happen if the stretch receptors of the urinary bladder wall are totally removed?

1. Micturition will continue
2. Urine will continue to collect normally in the bladder
3. There will be no micturition
4. Urine will not collect in the bladder

Uric acid is the chief nitrogenous component of the excretory products of

1. earthworm
2. cockroach
3. frog
4. man.

A person who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water, will have

1. less amino acids in his urine
2. more glucose in his blood
3. less urea in his urine
4. more sodium in his urine

Angiotensinogen is a protein produced and secreted by

1. juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
2. macula densa cells
3. endothelial cells (cells lining the blood vessels)
4. liver cells.

Earthworms are -

1. Uricotelic when plenty of water is available
2. Ammonotelic when plenty of water is available
3. Ureotelic when plenty of water is available
4. Uricotelic under conditions of water scarcity

In ornithine cycle, which of the following wastes are removed from the blood?

1. CO2 and urea
2. Ammonia and urea
3. CO2 and ammonia
4. Urea and urine

The net pressure gradient that causes the fluid to filter out of the glomeruli into the capsule is

1. 50 mm Hg
2. 75 mm Hg
3. 20 mm Hg
4. 30 mm Hg

A person is undergoing prolonged fasting. His urine will be found to contain abnormal quantities of

1. fats
2. amino acids
3. glucose
4. ketones.

Uricotelism is found in

1. mammals and birds
2. fish and fresh water protozoans
3. birds, land reptiles and insects
4. frogs and toads

If Henle's loop were absent from mammalian nephron, which one of the following is to be expected?

1. There will be no urine formation.
2. There will be hardly any change in the quality and quantity of urine formed.
3. The urine will be more concentrated.
4. The urine will be more dilute.

Conversion of ammonia to urea is done by

1. ornithine cycle
2. arginine cycle
3. fumaric cycle
4. citrulline cycle

Concentration of urine depends upon which organ?

1. Bowman's capsule
2. Length of Henle's loop
3. PCT
4. Network of capillaries arising from glomerulus

Which pair is correct?

1. Sebum = sexual attraction
2. Saliva = sense of food taste
3. Sweat = temperature regulation
4. Humerus = Hind leg