Chemical Coordination and Integration

The posterior pituitary gland is not a 'true' endocrine gland because

1. it is provided with a duct
2. it only stores and releases hormones
3. it is under the regulation of hypothalamus
4. it secretes enzymes.

Which hormones do stimulate the production of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate?

1. Angiotensin and epinephrine
2. Gastrin and insulin
3. Cholecystokinin and secretin
4. Insulin and glucagon

Which one of the following hormones is not involved in sugar metabolism?

1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Cortisone
4. Aldosterone

Which one of the following hormones though synthesised elsewhere, is stored and released by the master gland?

1. Prolactin
2. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
3. Antidiuretic hormone
4. Luteinising hormone

A chemical signal that has both endocrine and neural roles is

1. epinephrine
2. cortisol
3. melatonin
4. calcitonin.

Identify the hormone with its correct matching of source and function.

1. Oxytocin – posterior pituitary, growth and maintenance of mammary glands.
2. Melatonin – pineal gland, regulates the normal rhythm of sleep-wake cycle.
3. Progesterone – corpus luteum, stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs.
4. Atrial natriuretic factor – ventricular wall, increases the blood pressure.

Fight-or-flight reactions cause activation of

1. the parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate
2. the kidney, leading to suppression of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway
3. the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
4. the pancreas leading to a reduction in the blood sugar levels.

A pregnant female delivers a baby who suffers from stunted growth, mental retardation, low intelligence quotient and abnormal skin. This is the result of

1. cancer of the thyroid gland
2. oversecretion of pars distalis
3. deficiency of iodine in diet
4. low secretion of growth hormone.

Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the endocrine system?

1. Non-nutrient chemicals produced by the body in trace amounts that act as intercellular messenger are known as hormones.
2. Releasing and inhibitory hormones are produced by the pituitary gland.
3. Adenohypophysis is under direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus.
4. Organs in the body like gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney and liver do not produce any hormones.

Select the answer which correctly matches the endocrine gland with the hormone it secretes and its function/deficiency symptom.

1. array|l|l|l| Endocrine & Hormone & Function/ \ gland & & Deficiency \ & & symptoms \ Thyroid & Thyroxine & Lack of iodine \ gland & & in diet results \ & & in goitre \ array
2. array|l|l|l| Endocrine & Hormone & Function/ \ gland & & Deficiency \ & & symptoms \ Corpus & Testosterone & Stimulates \ luteum & & spermatogenesis \ array
3. array|l|l|l| Endocrine & Hormone & Function/ \ gland & & Deficiency \ & & symptoms \ Anterior & Oxytocin & Stimulates uterine \ pituitary & & contraction during \ & & child birth \ array
4. array|l|l|l| Endocrine & Hormone & Function/ \ gland & & Deficiency \ & & symptoms \ Posterior & Growth & Oversecretion \ pituitary & hormone & stimulates \ & (GH) & abnormal growth \ array

Select the option which correctly matches the endocrine gland with its hormone and its function.

1. array|l|l|l| Endocrine & Hormone & Function \ gland & & \ Placenta & Estrogen & Initiates secretion \ & & of the milk \ array
2. array|l|l|l| Endocrine & Hormone & Function \ gland & & \ Corpus & Estrogen & Essential for \ luteum & & maintenance of \ & & endometrium \ array
3. array|l|l|l| Endocrine & Hormone & Function \ gland & & \ Leydig's & Androgen & Initiates the \ cells & & production of \ & & sperms \ array
4. array|l|l|l| Endocrine & Hormone & Function \ gland & & \ Ovary & FSH & Stimulates follicular \ & & development and \ & & the secretion of \ & & estrogens \ array

Norepinephrine (i) is released by sympathetic fibres (ii) is released by parasympathetic fibers (iii) increases the heart rate (iv) decreases blood pressure. Which of the above statements are correct?

1. (i) and (iii)
2. (ii) and (iii)
3. (ii) and (iv)
4. (i) and (iv)

Which of the following represents the action of insulin?

1. Increases blood glucose level by stimulating glucagon production.
2. Decreases blood glucose levels by forming glycogen.
3. Increases blood glucose levels by promoting cellular uptake of glucose.
4. Increases blood glucose levels by hydrolysis of glycogen.

A person entering an empty room suddenly finds a snake right in front on opening the door. Which one of the following is likely to happen in his neuro-hormonal control system?

1. Sympathetic nervous system is activated releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla.
2. Neurotransmitters diffuse rapidly across the cleft and transmit a nerve impulse.
3. Hypothalamus activates the parasympathetic division of brain.
4. Sympathetic nervous system is activated releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal cortex.

Which one of the following pairs of hormones are the examples of those that can easily pass through the cell membrane of the target cell and bind to a receptor inside it (mostly in the nucleus)?

1. Insulin, glucagon
2. Thyroxine, insulin
3. Somatostatin, oxytocin
4. Cortisol, testosterone

What is correct to say about the hormone action in humans?

1. Glucagon is secreted by β-cells of islets of Langerhans and stimulates glycogenolysis.
2. Secretion of thymosins is stimulated with aging.
3. In females, FSH first binds with specific receptors on ovarian cell membrane.
4. FSH stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone.

The 24 hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body such as the sleep-wake cycle is regulated by the hormone

1. calcitonin
2. prolactin
3. adrenaline
4. melatonin

Match the source gland with its respective hormone and function and select the correct option.

1. array|l|l|l| Source gland & Hormone & Function \ Anterior pituitary & Oxytocin & Contraction of uterus \ & & muscles during child \ & & birth \ array
2. array|l|l|l| Source gland & Hormone & Function \ Posterior pituitary & Vasopressin & Stimulates reabsorption \ & & of water in the distal \ & & tubules in the nephron \ array
3. array|l|l|l| Source gland & Hormone & Function \ Corpus luteum & Estrogen & Supports pregnancy \ array
4. array|l|l|l| Source gland & Hormone & Function \ Thyroid & Thyroxine & Regulates blood \ & & calcium level \ array

Given below is an incomplete table on hormones, their source glands and one major effect of each on human body. Identify the option representing correct grouping of hormone, its gland and effect. array|l|l|l| Gland & Secretion & Effect on body \ A & Estrogen & Maintenance of \ & & secondary sexual \ & & characters \ Alpha cells of Islets & B & Raises blood sugar \ of Langerhans & & level \ Anterior pituitary & C & Over secretion leads \ & & to gigantism \ array

1. array|l|l|l| A & B & C \ Ovary & Glucagon & Growth hormone \ array
2. array|l|l|l| A & B & C \ Placenta & Insulin & Vasopressin \ array
3. array|l|l|l| A & B & C \ Ovary & Insulin & Calcitonin \ array
4. array|l|l|l| A & B & C \ Placenta & Glucagon & Calcitonin \ array

Injury to adrenal cortex is not likely to affect the secretion of which one of the following?

1. Aldosterone
2. Both androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone
3. Adrenaline
4. Cortisol

Which one of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?

1. Glucagon – Beta cells (source)
2. Somatostatin – Delta cells (source)
3. Corpus luteum – Relaxin (secretion)
4. Insulin – Diabetes mellitus (disease)

Toxic agents present in food which interfere with thyroxine synthesis lead to the development of

1. toxic goitre
2. cretinism
3. simple goitre
4. thyrotoxicosis

Select the correct matching of a hormone, its source and function.

1. array|l|l|l| Hormone & Source & Function \ Vasopressin & Posterior pituitary & Increases loss of \ & & water through urine \ array
2. array|l|l|l| Hormone & Source & Function \ Norepinephrine & Adrenal medulla & Increases heart beat, \ & & rate of respiration and \ & & alertness \ array
3. array|l|l|l| Hormone & Source & Function \ Glucagon & Beta-cells of Islets of & Stimulates glycogenolysis \ & Langerhans & \ array
4. array|l|l|l| Hormone & Source & Function \ Prolactin & Posterior pituitary & Regulates growth \ & & of mammary glands \ & & and milk formation in \ & & females \ array

A health disorder that results from the deficiency of thyroxine in adults and characterised by (i) a low metabolic rate, (ii) increase in body weight and (iii) tendency to retain water in tissues is

1. simple goitre
2. myxoedema
3. cretinism
4. hypothyroidism.

Which one of the following pairs of organs includes only the endocrine glands?

1. Thymus and testes
2. Adrenal and ovary
3. Parathyroid and adrenal
4. Pancreas and parathyroid

The blood calcium level is lowered by the deficiency of

1. both calcitonin and parathormone
2. calcitonin
3. parathormone
4. thyroxine

In human adult females oxytocin:

1. causes strong uterine contractions during parturition
2. stimulates pituitary to secrete vasopressin
3. stimulates growth of mammary glands
4. is secreted by anterior pituitary

Feeling the tremors of an earthquake a scared resident of seventh floor of a multistoreyed building starts climbing down the stairs rapidly. Which hormone initiated this action?

1. Adrenaline
2. Glucagon
3. Gastrin
4. Thyroxine

A person is having problems with calcium and phosphorus metabolism in his body. Which one of the following glands may not be functioning properly?

1. Parotid
2. Pancreas
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid

Compared to a bull a bullock is docile because of:

1. Lower levels of adrenalin/noradrenalin in its blood
2. Lower levels of blood testosterone
3. Higher levels of thyroxin
4. Higher levels of cortisone